From about the 1930s to the 1960s, “delayed cord clamping” was the standard of care throughout the U.S. Several minutes naturally passed between the time a baby was born and the clamping and cutting of the umbilical cord. Over time, healthcare providers began to believe waiting was unnecessary or, at the very least, inconvenient. By not waiting, doctors were able to hand babies over earlier for a newborn evaluation.
Now, healthcare providers are realizing that “later” may actually be better than “earlier” when it comes to cord clamping. Research shows that the practice of early or immediate cord clamping can “lower the infant’s blood volume by as much as 30 percent” and the “red cell volume by as much as 50 percent.” After all, before birth, “approximately one-third of the fetal-placenta blood volume is in the placenta” of a full-term infant.
Simply put, the baby does not have all of his blood in his body at the moment of birth. By delaying clamping until the baby is physiologically ready, after the cord stops pulsing (about 2–3 minutes), the baby will receive more blood (about 20–35 mL/kg) than he would with immediate cord clamping. He will also continue to receive oxygen-rich blood from the placenta during this time.
The benefits of delayed cord clamping for all babies include:
- Reduced risk of anemia. Significantly improved iron status has been noted for 8 to 12 months after birth for full-term infants who had delayed cord clamping. Childhood anemia continues to be a problem for U.S. toddlers, and delayed cord clamping may be a simple solution.
- Increased blood volume. Between one-third and one-half of an infant’s blood volume may be in the placenta at any time. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends allowing at least 30–60 seconds to pass before clamping the umbilical cord. Research has shown that a delay of just 30–45 seconds allows for an 8–24 percent increase in blood volume; longer delays allow for the transfer of even more blood.
- Better respiratory function. Delayed cord clamping has been associated with improved lung capability and a reduced need for supplemental oxygen.
- Reduced need for blood transfusions.
- Improved blood pressure.
- Lower risk for infection. Studies show that infants who experience delayed cord clamping have a lower incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC, a gastrointestinal disease) as well as sepsis (blood infection).
- More stable blood sugar (glucose) levels.
- Potential neurological benefits. When a baby is skin-to-skin for approximately five minutes or more before the cord is cut, the baby experiences neurological benefits, particularly with iron stores and myelination.
These benefits have proven to be statistically significant for all babies—those born preterm and term, as well as those born vaginally or by cesarean section.
Some health care providers have expressed concern about delayed cord clamping due to perceived risks of polycythemia (disproportionately high volume of red blood cells), jaundice requiring phototherapy, and postpartum hemorrhage. However, studies do not show that timing of cord clamping affects these conditions.
The best-case scenario for timing of cord clamping seems to be when the cord stops pulsing, after about 2–3 minutes. Clamping at or after 180 seconds (3 minutes), compared to at or before 60 seconds, has been shown to reduce children's risk of anemia at 8 and 12 months of age. However, even the ACOG-recommended delay of 30–60 seconds is beneficial, and an improvement over the prompt clamping that has been standard care in the U.S. for the past several decades.